Alpha/numeric
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A combination of letters and/or numbers used for identification.
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Anemometer
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Instrument (used on some cranes) for measuring wind speed.
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Angle Indicator
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A device that shows the angle at which the crane boom is operating and
the corresponding rated capacity.
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Asset Owner
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Entity that owns lifting equipment. Either PDO or Contractor.
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Automatic Safe Load Indicator (ASLI) or Rated Capacity Indicator
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A device that automatically provides, with a specified tolerance,
warning the load is approaching rated capacity, another warning when capacity
is exceeded.
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Auxiliary Hoist
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A second (ary) lifting system usually fitted to cranes, operating from
a separate winch drum from the main hoist rope. Usually used on cranes to
lift light loads, relative to the crane’s capacity, faster than is possible
on the main hoist system.
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Blind Lift
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A lift where at any point in time during
the lifting operation the crane operator cannot directly see the load.
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Block
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A hook sheave and frame assembly attached to a rope used for raising
and lowering loads.
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Boom
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A steel lattice, or steel box section structure that forms a lifting
mast.
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Booming/Luffing
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The movement of a crane boom from one angle to
another in the vertical plane.
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Cantilever Beam
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Section of beam supported at one end only.
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CAP
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Competent Authorised Person is a person who is appointed by the
production co-ordinator or site-manager and who controls the lifting
equipment at relevant location.
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Centre of Gravity
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Point at which the total mass of a body may be
regarded as being concentrated, or about which the parts of the body exactly
balance each other.
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Certificate of Test and or Examination
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A Test Certificate is issued by the third party
certification lifting engineer on completion of a satisfactory survey. A new
Test Certificate will require to be issued if the equipment is subject to
repair or modification. Where a Test certificate states that it is also a
report of thorough inspection/examination it must contain all of the
information as required by LOLER 98, Schedule 1.
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Colour Code
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A method of marking equipment (normally with
paint or plastic cable ties) to give a visual indication of its
certification/inspection status. This ‘coded’ colour is changed every six months.
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Drawn-up Dimension
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The minimum distance between the suspension level
and the bottom hook saddle (also known as closed-height).
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Effective Span
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The distance between the centres of the adjacent
supports, due allowance being made for the end fixing, continuous beams and
cantilevers.
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Effective Working Length (EWL)
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The distance between the extreme inside ends of the eyes in a straight
sling.
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Factor of Safety
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The ratio of the load that would cause failure of an item of lifting
equipment to the load that is imposed upon it in service i.e. SWL (This is to
allow for detrimental criteria such as wear and tear, dynamic loadings etc).
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Fit-for-purpose
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Equipment free from defect and used only in the manner for which it
was designed.
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Fixed Lifting Equipment
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Lifting equipment permanently installed (e.g. pedestal cranes, gantry
cranes, swing jib cranes, beams, beam trolleys, powered hoists, pad eyes
etc).
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Functional Testing
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Operation of each motion of the lifting equipment without a load
applied in order to determine whether the equipment performs as the
manufacturer intended.
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Gantry
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Elevated structure supporting the track of an overhead travelling
trolley or crane.
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Gross Capacity (Cranes)
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The gross capacity is the capacity shown in the crane’s load or
capacity charts.
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Gross Weight
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The maximum allowable weight of a loaded container, at the design
sling angle, i.e. the Tare weight (weight of empty container) plus the Pay
Load (maximum weight of cargo, that can be carried by the container).
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Hand Operated Chain Block
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A block reeved with a load chain and operated by a hand chain so as to
give a mechanical advantage.
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Headroom
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The maximum vertical distance between the item to be lifted and the
point of suspension of the hoisting machine. E.g. between the lifting padeyes
and the underside of runway beam.
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Hook Load
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The total weight suspended from the hook.
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Inertia Forces
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The forces produced by a change of velocity.
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Inspection
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A visual inspection by a lifting engineer or
lifting tackle inspector carried out carefully and critically and
supplemented by other means – such as measurement and where necessary
non-destructive testing in order to arrive at a reliable conclusion as to the
condition and safety of the equipment. If necessary for the purpose, parts of
the appliance shall be dismantled.
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Lift Category
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A categorization of lifting operations
(i.e. Routine
Lifts and Non-Routine Lifts) reflecting the risk of
the lifting operation and the required level of control.
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Lift Plan
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The Lift Plan details of how the lifting operations
should be undertaken, the Lifting Equipment and Lifting Accessories to be used, how the equipment and Lifting Accessories shall be rigged up and the control measures in place to manage the
risks.
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Lifted Equipment
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Any device which is used to suspend the
load, including containers, tanks, skips, skids, drum rackets, pipe racks,
frames, gas cylinder racks, pallets, flexible industrial bulk containers
(‘big bags’), tree cages, cargo nets, and cargo baskets.
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Lifting Appliances
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Any
mechanical device capable of raising or lowering a load, eg cranes, fork lift
trucks, powered hoists, manual hoists, lever hoists, beam trolleys, beam
clamps, sheave blocks, winches, runway beams, mono-rail hoist, etc.
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Lifting Tackle or Lifting Accessory or Lifting
Gear
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Any item whatsoever, which is used or designed to
be used directly or indirectly to connect a load to a lifting appliance, a
crane or chain block etc, and which does not form part of the load, but which
is not itself able to lift or lower a load, e.g. slings, shackles, eyebolts,
etc.
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Lifting Equipment
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Lifting Equipment, is a generic term and comprises Lifting Appliances (equipment performing the
lifting), Lifting Accessories (devices which connect
the load to the lifting appliance), and Lifted Equipment.
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Lifting Operation
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A task concerned with the lifting and lowering of
a load. It includes the selection attachment and use of suitable lifting
equipment.
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Lift Planner
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A person who has appropriate practical and
theoretical knowledge and experience of the lifting operations to enable him
to prepare a full working lift plan.
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Lifting Point
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Generic term for the certified point(s) or
attachment(s) on an item of plant, by which it can be lifted safely. The term
also applies to points or attachments fixed to structural members and from
which a load can be suspended. For example lifting lugs, lifting eyes,
trunnions, fabricated lifting plates, padeyes and jacking points.
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Lifting Set / Sling Set
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Lifting slings and shackles used to connect a
container to the lifting equipment.
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Live Loads
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Any load, except wind load, that gives rise to a
variation of stress into a crane. Such variation may be due to any change of
position or magnitude of an externally applied load, or to the movement of
the crane structure itself.
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Load Line
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A wire rope suspending a hook.
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Loose Lifting Equipment
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Lifting Equipment that is portable enough
so that it can easily be moved or carried by a person(s) to/from a store /
location to a worksite to conduct a lifting operation.
This may include Lifting Appliances (e.g. manual lever hoists, chain falls, beam clamps etc) and Lifting Accessories (e.g. slings, shackles etc.)
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Luffing
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See Booming.
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Measured Deflections
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The deflections measured in such a manner that they relate to
precisely the same conditions as those covering the calculated deflection.
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Mechanical Advantage
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The ratio between the load raised and the effort required to raise it.
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Mobile Lifting Equipment
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Lifting equipment that can be transported from one installation to
another (e.g. mobile cranes, forklift trucks etc). This equipment is likely
to be owned and used by the Contractor.
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Mode Factor
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A factor, which takes into account, the geometry of the sling
assembly, the number of parts and other constants as specified in the
appropriate British Standard.
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NDT
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Non-Destructive Testing
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(NDT)-Inspector
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The term inspector is used to describe any person
carrying out NDT inspection on lifting equipment. In all cases, the inspector
shall have experience and training suitable to the NDT inspection being
performed. (min. as per ASNT Tc-1a level 2 or equivalent)
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Net Capacity (Cranes)
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The net capacity is determined by deducting the crane capacity
deductions from the crane’s gross capacity. The deductions differ from
manufacturer to manufacturer as well as between crane types.
Deductions normally are: –
Weight of main hook block
Weight of slings and rigging
Weight of auxiliary hook block
Weight of all wire rope from boom tip and the block
Weight of any stowed jib
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Non-routine Lift
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A lifting task that is of greater complexity than a routine lift, such
that it requires specialist resources, guidance, and special procedures
written to enable its safe completion. These lifts are normally subdivided
into simple, complicated and complex lifts.
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Operating Level
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The level on which the operator stands.
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Overload Testing (Static)
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Operation of the lifting equipment with a load exceeding the rated
load but without operating the full range of motions of the equipment in
order to determine whether the equipment is stable, structurally sound and
fit for the use for which it was designed.
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Overload Testing (Dynamic)
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Operation of the lifting equipment with a load that exceeds the rated
load applied in order to determine whether the equipment is stable,
structurally sound and fit for the use for which it was designed.
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Pay Load
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The weight of a load within a container.
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Permanently Attached Slings Sets
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Permanently Attached Slings Sets are used only for transportation of
containers. They must not be used for general lifting duties. These slings
are colour coded Purple.
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Permissible Working Stress
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The stress numerically equal to the basic stress, multiplied by the
relevant duty factor corresponding to the load.
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Performance Testing
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Operation of each motion of the lifting equipment with the rated load
applied in order to determine whether the equipment performs to the
manufacturer’s specification.
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Person in
charge of the lift (PIC)
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Is the person,
appointed by the production co-ordinator or site manager, who co-ordinates
and controls all aspects of lifting operations on site.
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Personnel Platform/Carriers
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A Personnel Platform / Carrier is designed and
intended to give access to a work place at height for personnel and their
tools and equipment to carry out minor work or inspections at a limited time.
The platform is not designed for the actual
transfer of personnel or to be used as a hoisting or lifting tool.
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Plant
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Generic term covering, machines, sub-assemblies and structures.
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Portable Lifting Equipment
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Lifting equipment, which can be transported from one part of a worksite to another or between worksites.
This category of equipment is usually supplied to a worksite for a period of
six months whereupon it is returned, for inspection and replaced with
identical items of equipment (chain blocks, pull lever hoists, beam clamps,
Tirfor, etc)
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Pre-use Inspection
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A visual check and, if necessary, a
function check of the Lifting Equipment by a competent person
before each use. In determining the suitability and scope of the inspection,
reference should be made to information such as manufacturer’s instructions
and relevant industry standards.
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Proof Load Test
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A test load (mass or
force) applied to an item of lifting equipment/accessory to prove its
integrity. Proof load tests can be carried out to various standards, but
results must be recorded on a Test Certificate.
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Pulley (or Sheave)
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A grooved wheel over which
a rope passes. Pulleys are usually shaft mounted and free to rotate in
response to movement of the rope.
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Radius (Slewing Cranes)
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Horizontal distance
between the point at which the centre of rotation meets the ground and the
vertical centreline passing through the load lifting attachment
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Radius (Non-Slewing Cranes)
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Horizontal distance from
the centreline through the load lifting attachment to the nearest axle or
track measured at ground level.
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Radius Indicator
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A device that shows the
radius at which the crane is operating and the corresponding rated capacity.
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Range of Lift
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The vertical distance
that the bottom hook travels between the extended and highest positions.
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Rated Capacity Limiter
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A device that
automatically cuts, with a specified tolerance, motions that could increase
risks, if the rated capacity is exceeded.
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Rated Capacity Indicator
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See ASLI
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Reeving
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Configuration of the
hoisting rope in a winching system.
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Report of Inspection
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A report of inspection is
the report issued by the third party certification lifting engineer on
completion of an unsatisfactory survey. The report of inspection shall
contain all of the information as required by LOLER 98, Schedule 1.
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Rigging Store
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An ISO container, or
similar, modified specifically to suit the storage of lifting equipment.
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Routine Lifts
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These are lifts involving loads of known or evaluated weight, shape
and centre of gravity. The Routine Lift will be performed in
normal environmental conditions
(e.g. not in adverse weather) using standard rigging arrangements.
Examples of Routine Lifts are loading/off-loading
supply vessels and vehicles, moving grocery
boxes, lifting re-bar, and delivering concrete by skip.
They undertaken on a day-to-day basis that are
fully addressed by existing ‘generic’ training and competence procedures.
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Runway Beam/Monorail
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An overhead structural
beam certified to a specific SWL and used for the attachment of lifting
equipment, such as trolleys, beam clamps, etc.
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Safe Working Load (SWL) or Rated Capacity
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The maximum load (as determined by a competent person) which an item
of Lifting
Equipment may raise, lower or suspend under particular service conditions, e.g. the SWL can be lower than, but can never exceed, the WLL.
Normally SWL = WLL unless
the Lifting
Equipment has been de-rated.
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Serving / Sizing or Whipping
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The binding, in wire or
twine, at the end of a rope to prevent the strands from opening or fraying.
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Slinger
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The person responsible
for attaching and detaching the load to and from the crane and for correct
selection and use of lifting tackle.
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Sling Angle
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The angle the sling makes
with the horizontal. Maximum allowed is 90º included angle or 45º to the
vertical.
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Sling Assembly
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A sling in the form in which it is actually
used.
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Soft Eye
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An unsupported loop formed at the end of a
rope to facilitate connection of a lifting device.
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Snatch Block
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A single pulley with a hinged side plate to
allow easy access to the pulley wheel for rope attachment.
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